Therefore, wastewater must be free from toxicants before releasing environments for marinating environmental quality and developing an eco-friendly industry. Acid red 27 (AR 27), is a modified red-azo dye compound extensively utilize as a food dye and to colour cosmetics in many industries due to ease of application, colour brightness, and excellent binding capacity, but its elimination is challenging for varied features (e.g., aromatic ring structure, resistance to degradation, azo link and highly stable to heat and light). Among them, azo dyes are a versatile class of organic dyes and include 60–70% of all dye production. Based on solubility, dyes are categorized into three types: anionic, cationic, and nonionic. As dyes are chemically and thermally stable so it must be treated properly before discharging into an aquatic environment. Additionally, exposing elevated levels of dyes and their associated byproduct can create several health hazards to humans such as skin irritation, eye burns, and damage to the kidney, liver, and central nervous system and is also considered mutagenic and carcinogenic. Colourful wastewater changes the ecosystem equilibrium by decreasing photosynthesis activities, enhancing colour bleaching, impeding light penetration, inhibiting fauna growth rate, producing micro toxins, and increasing metal chelating. As dyes are chemically and thermally stable so they must be treated properly before discharging into an aquatic environment. Quick industrial development is highly responsible for environmental degradation by releasing huge toxic effluents and now a day it is considered a global issue, especially for developing countries. It is estimated that more than 50% of the used dyes do not fix the fabrics, and these are released as coloured effluent from industrial manufacturing and operation steps. Globally, 10,000 textile dyes are available while over 7×105 tones are manufactured yearly and 75% of it is used in the textile industry. Organic dyes are extensively used as colouring agents in many industries including textiles, leather, paint, cosmetics, rubber, paper, ceramics, varnishes, pulp mills, ink, plastics, pharmaceuticals, and tanneries. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.įunding: The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Received: JAccepted: AugPublished: August 23, 2023Ĭopyright: © 2023 Chakraborty et al. PLoS ONE 18(8):Įditor: Nor Adilla Rashidi, Universiti Teknologi Petronas: Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, MALAYSIA (2023) Black carbon derived PET plastic bottle waste and rice straw for sorption of Acid Red 27 dye: Machine learning approaches, kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamic studies. Finally, this study indicates that PETWBC and RSBC could be potential candidates for the adsorption of AR 27 from wastewater.Ĭitation: Chakraborty TK, Tammim L, Islam KR, Nice MS, Netema BN, Rahman MS, et al. Environmental friendliness properties are confirmed by desorption studies and satisfactory results also attain from real wastewater experiments. Thermodynamic study shows AR 27 adsorption is favourable, endothermic, and spontaneous. Pseudo-second-order was the well-suited kinetics, where Freundlich isotherm could explain better equilibrium adsorption data. Furthermore, the machine learning approaches (ANN and BB-RSM) revealed a good association between the tested and projected value. High coefficient value of process optimization model suggesting that this model was significant, where pH and adsorbent dose expressively stimulus removal efficiency including 99.88, and 99.89% for PETWBC, and RSBC at pH (2). Batch adsorption experiments were conducted with the influencing of different operational conditions namely time of contact (1–180 min), AR 27 concentration (5–70 mg/L), adsorbent dose (0.5–20 g/L), pH (2–10), and temperature (25–60☌). The prepared adsorbent is characterized by FE-SEM and FT-IR. This study focuses on the probable use of PET waste black carbon (PETWBC) and rice straw black carbon (RSBC) as an adsorbent for Acid Red 27 (AR 27) adsorption.
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